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The Institute for Historical Review (IHR), founded in 1978, is an organization primarily devoted to publishing and promoting books and essays described by critics as pseudo-historical that attack the mainstream historical consensus concerning the Nazi genocide of Jews.〔〔〔〔〔 It is considered by many scholars as the center of the international Holocaust denial movement.〔Holocaust denial *Carlos C. Huerta and Dafna Shiffman-Huerta "Holocaust Denial Literature: Its Place in Teaching the Holocaust", in Rochelle L. Millen. ''New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars'', NYU Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8147-5540-2, p. 189. *"While denial of the Holocaust's very occurrence had emerged already during the early postwar period, it gained new prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s. During this period denial attempted to leave the lunatic fringe and set out for the mainstream in both the United States and Europe, as figures such as Arthur Butz, Bradley Smith, and Robert Faurisson, together with organizations like the Institute for Historical Review, attempted to lend academic credibility to Holocaust Denial." Gavriel D. Rosenfeld "The politics of uniqueness: reflections on the recent polemical turn in Holocaust and genocide scholarship" in David Cesarani, Sarah Kavanaugh. ''Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies'', Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-27509-1, p. 376. *"In recent years, Holocaust denial has become a propaganda mainstay of organized racism. It is promulgated by racist groups and by organizations like the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), which publishes the non-peer-reviewed ''Journal of Historical Review''." Kathleen M. Blee. ''Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement'', University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 0-520-24055-3, p. 92. *"The pseudo-scholarly guise of Holocaust deniers is epitomised by the Institute for Historical Review - established in the United States in the late 1970s - and its journal, the ''Journal of Historical Review'', which have provided the core of the more contemporary Holocaust denial movement (Stern 1995)." Lydia Morris. ''Rights: Sociological Perspectives'', Routledge (UK), 2006, ISBN 0-415-35522-2 p. 238 note 1. *"The chief organization promoting Holocaust denial is the Institute for Historical Review, a California organization founded in 1978 by Willis Carto, who also founded the extreme right-wing Liberty Lobby." Suzanne Pharr. ''Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash'', South End Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89608-523-6, p. 252. *"Denial is an international phenomena with deniers active across the globe. This is not an incidental occurrence, but rather is the result of organized international networking. Organizations such as the California-based Institute for Historical Review (IHR) have played the pivotal role in this process by organizing regular international conferences since 1979 in America." Konrad Kwiet, Jürgen Matthäus. ''Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust'', Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, ISBN 0-275-97466-9, p. 141. *"A growing number of white nationalist and white supremacy groups have adopted innocuous-sounding names such as the Euro-American Student Union, the Institute for Historical Review (a Holocaust denial group), ..." Carol M. Swain. ''The New White Nationalism in America: its challenge to integration'', Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80886-3, p. 28. *"Since its inception in 1979, the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." (Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States ), Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007. *"The IHR is the Holocaust-denial group in Costa Mesa that attempts to rewrite the history of World War II in favor of the Axis powers and present nazism in a favorable light. The IHR is sponsored by Willis Carto who also leads the anti-Semitic and quasi-Nazi Liberty Lobby." Russ Bellant, ''Old Nazis, the New Right, and the Republican Party'', South End Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89608-418-3, p. 43. 〕〔〔 IHR is widely regarded as antisemitic and as having links to neo-Nazi organizations. The Institute published the ''Journal of Historical Review'' until 2002, but now disseminates its materials through its website and via email. The Institute is affiliated with the Legion for the Survival of Freedom and Noontide Press.〔(Guidestar entry on the Legion for the Survival of Freedom )〕 ==History== The IHR was founded in 1978 by David McCalden (also known as Lewis Brandon), a former member of the British National Front, and Willis Carto, the head of the now-defunct Liberty Lobby. Liberty Lobby was an antisemitic organization best known for publishing ''The Spotlight'', now reorganized as the ''American Free Press''. Dave McCalden left the IHR in 1981. Tom Marcellus became its director, and Carto lost control of it in 1993, in an internal power struggle. Since 1995, the director of the IHR has been Mark Weber,〔(Mark Weber - A Biographical Profile )〕 who previously worked with the white supremacist National Alliance. Since taking over, Weber has continued to publish writing on the Holocaust and on World War II and has pushed to broaden the institute's mandate.〔 He has been editor of the IHR's ''Journal of Historical Review'' for nine years.〔 Its main form of spreading its message is through its website ''IHR Update'' and e-mail list.〔(ADL - Institute for Historical Review )〕 The website that Weber has built features such articles as "The Jewish Role in the Bolshevik Revolution" and "Israel at 60: A Grim Balance Sheet."〔 At the IHR's first conference in 1979, IHR publicly offered a reward of $50,000 for verifiable "proof that gas chambers for the purpose of killing human beings existed at or in Auschwitz." This money (and an additional $40,000) was eventually paid in 1985 to Auschwitz survivor Mel Mermelstein, who, represented by public-interest lawyer William John Cox, sued the IHR for breach of contract for initially ignoring his evidence (a signed testimony of his experiences in Auschwitz). On October 9, 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944."〔"Mermelstein Victory", ''Heritage'', October 23, 1981.〕〔"Footnote to the Holocaust", ''Newsweek'', October 19, 1981, p. 73.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review Judgment and Statement of Record )〕 On August 5, 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on July 22, 1985. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them.〔 David Irving, Robert Faurisson, Ernst Zündel, Fred Leuchter, Arthur Butz, Joseph Sobran, Pete McCloskey, Bradley R. Smith, Carlo Mattogno, Jürgen Graf, Doug Collins, Tony Martin and Radio Islam founder Ahmed Rami have attended conferences and/or contributed to publications of the IHR. In 1996, IHR won a $6,430,000 judgment in a lawsuit against Carto in which IHR alleged that Carto embezzled $7.5 million that had been left to IHR from the estate of Jean Edison Farrel.〔Los Angeles Times, 16 November 1996: (Judge Awards $6.4 Million to O.C. Revisionist Group )〕〔"Because of the views held by Carto and the institute, the case has been followed by the Anti-Defamation League in San Diego. Its director, Morris Casuto, found little comfort in the decision. 'Given the litigants, it's a pity there could only be one loser,' he said yesterday.'" ''Decision on Estate Fails to End Bitterness; Holocaust Skeptics win in court; where's cash?'' San Diego Union-Tribune, November 16, 1996, p. B-1〕 In 2001, Eric Owens, a former employee, alleged that Mark Weber and Greg Raven from the IHR's staff had been planning to sell their mailing lists to either the Anti-Defamation League or the Church of Scientology.〔Michael, George. ''Confronting right-wing extremism and terrorism in the USA'', Routledge, 2003, p. 89 & p. 231, footnote 192.〕 In January 2009, Weber, the IHR's director, released an essay titled, "How Relevant Is Holocaust Revisionism?" In it he noted that Holocaust denial had attracted little support over the years: "It’s gotten some support in Iran, or places like that, but as far as I know, there is no history department supporting writing by these folks." Accordingly, he recommended that emphasis be placed instead on opposing "Jewish-Zionist power", which some commentators claim is a shift to a directly antisemitic position. The Institute for Historical Review describes itself as on its website a "public-interest educational, research and publishing center dedicated to promoting greater public awareness of history."〔(ABOUT THE IHR ) Our Mission and Record, IHR website〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Institute for Historical Review」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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